To study the toxicological effects of airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) and ultrafine particles in indoor environments, we adopt an innovative approach combining in vitro and in silico studies. Specifically, exposure of 2D and 3D human lung cells to aerosols under realistic physiological conditions is complemented by molecular dynamics simulations, which allow exploration of the biological effects of airborne particles at the molecular level. At the population level, the health effects of pollution and climate change are assessed through epidemiological studies using mortality as an impact indicator. The epidemiological database of the SSPT Department (ISTAT data) enables the calculation of various epidemiological indicators for all Italian municipalities starting from 1980.