To evaluate cellular responses to agents that affect human health and to develop innovative and personalized therapies, we employ biological systems of increasing complexity, ranging from cell cultures to organoids, and including murine models of human diseases such as colitis, ocular disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. By enabling the characterization of pathogenic processes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, these models constitute an advanced biotechnology platform that is essential both for assessing the impact of physical and chemical agents and for driving innovation in the development of targeted therapies.